Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria-Fermented Beverages from Bambara Groundnut and Cowpea Sprouts Modulate Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract

Underutilised, nutrient-dense legumes in their sprouted form provide promising substrates for developing functional fermented foods capable of influencing gut microbial activity and metabolite production. This study evaluated the effects of probiotic lactic acid bacteria-fermented beverages derived from sprouted Bambara groundnut (<i>Vigna subterranea</i>) and cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>) on gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production using an in vitro colonic fermentation model. The beverages were fermented with either <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> BB-12 (BCBF24) or <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> 75 (BCL7524). During colonic fermentation, at 0, 12, 24, and 38 h, faecal slurries were collected for SCFA analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing (Oxford Nanopore Technologies). Microbial diversity decreased, indicating selective enrichment of taxa. BCL7524 induced a major shift, significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) enriching <i>Bacillota</i> and driving <i>Megasphaera</i> to ~42% dominance within 24 h. This reflected cross-feeding from <i>L. plantarum</i> to lactate-utilising <i>Megasphaera</i> spp. Spearman correlation linked <i>Megasphaera</i> to a broad SCFA profile, including isobutyric, isovaleric, valeric, and hexanoic acids, with a significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) positive correlation observed for hexanoic acid. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated proteolysis and mapped hexanoic acid to fatty acid biosynthesis pathways, suggesting chain-elongation activity contributing to hexanoate formation. In line with this, BCL7524 produced significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) higher levels of hexanoate (3-14 mM) and valerate (10-15 mM), supporting chain-elongation activity within the community. In contrast, BCBF24 enriched <i>Actinomycetota</i> and <i>Bifidobacterium</i>, correlating with acetate production (18-23 mM). This study demonstrates that specific synbiotic beverages can modulate gut microbial ecology and metabolic output under in vitro conditions.