Preventive and Therapeutic Adjunctive Roles of Immune Optimization on Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases: A Mini Review

Abstract

Abstract Inflammatory and infectious diseases encompass a wide array of pathologic processes underscored by inflammatory immune dysfunction and infections. They are commonly caused by immuno-toxic lifestyle habits (poor diet, inadequate sleep, lack of exercise) and infectious agents. Management of the disease spectrum is challenging. Immune dysfunction enhances their pathogenesis and clinical symptoms. Hence, immune optimization interventions are useful for their prevention and management. T-cell dysfunction disease mediating models describing inflammatory and infective disease processes underlying inflammatory and infectious diseases exist. However, they do not highlight inflammatory and infective dysfunctional processes underlying the diseases concerning toxin-mediated epigenetic T-cell dysfunction. Online searches were conducted on databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Biomed Central, and SciELO. Articles were reviewed using keywords such as Immune optimization/dysfunction, T lymphocyte activation/dysfunction, cytokines, inflammatory/infectious pathogenesis, therapeutic adjunct, and disease prevention. There is a putative T cell toxin-mediated dysfunction disease model for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases (IMIDs), which may apply to inflammatory and infectious diseases. The putative disease model may highlight the actual inflammatory/infective immune dysfunctional processes underlying T cell disease mediation in inflammatory and infectious diseases. We proposed putative inflammatory and infectious disease models that highlight inflammatory and infectious dysfunctional processes underlying T cell dysfunction disease mediation which may be validated by multi-omic studies. Validation of the putative disease models using inflammatory and infective heart diseases as classic examples should pave the way for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of inflammatory and infectious diseases. Insights from these putative disease models can guide effective interventions.