Prevalence of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury, Depression, and Anxiety among In-School Adolescents in Gboko LGA, Benue State, Nigeria

Abstract

Abstract Background Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) is widely recognised in psychological literature as the deliberate infliction of harm upon one’s own body—such as cutting, hitting, or burning— without suicidal intent. This behaviour has garnered increasing attention due to its prevalence and the complex psychological factors underlying its manifestation. This study examined the baseline levels of NSSI, depression, and anxiety within the specific adolescent school population of Gboko LGA. Methods This study was conducted in Gboko Local Government Area (LGA) of Benue State, Nigeria, and employed a correlational research design to address its stated objectives. The target population comprised all secondary school students enrolled in Gboko LGA. Data were collected using the Predictors of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Questionnaire (PNSSIQ) from a sample of 420 in-school adolescents. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics. Research Question 1 was analysed using frequencies and percentages, while Research Questions 2 and 3 were examined using mean scores and standard deviations. Results Findings showed that in-school adolescents had a low proportion of engagement in NSSI behaviour. The finding was somewhat expected, considering the strong familial and community ties often observed in Nigerian cultural settings, which may provide protective support against such behaviours. Furthermore, the study showed that in-school adolescents had a mild level of anxiety in Gboko LGA, Benue State. Conclusion This study highlighted the urgent need for culturally sensitive mental health interventions, increased awareness, and destigmatization efforts to ensure accurate assessment and effective support for adolescents experiencing psychological distress. Conclusively, the study underscores the complex interplay between cultural context and adolescent mental health, and calls for targeted strategies that respect and leverage local values while addressing emerging mental health needs. It was recommended, amongst others, that public health interventions should focus on enhancing parental attachment and involvement in adolescents’ lives.