Prevalence and Incidence of Frontotemporal Dementia in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review Protocol

Abstract

Background: In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the incidence of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) appears to be rising, yet insufficient epidemiological data and subsequent under-reporting obscure its true impact. This gap in knowledge undermines efforts to secure the resources needed for comprehensive FTD care and also complicates the development of targeted public health strategies in these regions. Objective: To examine the incidence and prevalence of FTD in low- and middle-income countries and explore how methodological and contextual factors (e.g., diagnostic criteria, health system infrastructure, and under-reporting) influence the accuracy of these estimates and the development of effective public health responses. Methods: We developed this protocol using the PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) guidelines. Our plan is to perform a thorough search of the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Google Scholar, PsycInfo, and Global Index Medicus (WHO), covering all records from their inception through January 31, 2025. Additional studies will be identified through reference lists of relevant full-text articles. Two independent reviewers will complete initial screening, data extraction, and bias assessment using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools for cohort and analytical cross-sectional research. Studies that are homogeneous will be subjected to meta-analysis; any that are not will be discussed through a narrative summary. Expected Results: Help illuminate the true impact of FTD in LMICs, provide guidance for more effective policies, and lay a solid foundation for future research that improves diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Relevance: This review will advance our knowledge, improve health care outcomes, and promote equity in addressing FTD in LMICs. Background: In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the incidence of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) appears to be rising, yet insufficient epidemiological data and subsequent under-reporting obscure its true impact. This gap in knowledge undermines efforts to secure the resources needed for comprehensive FTD care and also complicates the development of targeted public health strategies in these regions. Objective: To examine the incidence and prevalence of FTD in low- and middle-income countries and explore how methodological and contextual factors (e.g., diagnostic criteria, health system infrastructure, and under-reporting) influence the accuracy of these estimates and the development of effective public health responses. Methods: We developed this protocol using the PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) guidelines. Our plan is to perform a thorough search of the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Google Scholar, PsycInfo, and Global Index Medicus (WHO), covering all records from their inception through January 31, 2025. Additional studies will be identified through reference lists of relevant full-text articles. Two independent reviewers will complete initial screening, data extraction, and bias assessment using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools for cohort and analytical cross-sectional research. Studies that are homogeneous will be subjected to meta-analysis; any that are not will be discussed through a narrative summary. Expected Results: Help illuminate the true impact of FTD in LMICs, provide guidance for more effective policies, and lay a solid foundation for future research that improves diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Relevance: This review will advance our knowledge, improve health care outcomes, and promote equity in addressing FTD in LMICs.