review · Molecular Cancer
Nanomedicine and immunotherapy offer powerful tools to tackle complex tumor environments, though treatment resistance, off-target toxicity, and immune suppression remain persistent obstacles. Recent developments in nanoparticle delivery systems, biomimetic platforms, and personalised medicine present viable methods to improve therapeutic precision and reduce adverse side effects. Nanoparticles enable controlled drug release and site-specific targeting, while biomimetic designs improve drug bioavailability and immune modulation. In addition, combining physical and immunological techniques helps remodel suppressive tumor microenvironments, and predictive biomarkers allow therapies to be tailored to individual patients. Emerging approaches also encompass targeted genome editing and multi-modal treatment regimens. Continued progress depends on refining nanoformulations, establishing effective multi-modal combinations, and advancing biomarker-guided personalisation to improve patient treatment results.
Standard cancer treatments frequently struggle against drug resistance and cause severe side effects by harming healthy tissues. Using engineered nanoparticles and biomimetic platforms helps direct therapies directly to tumors while sparing healthy cells. Coupling targeted drug release with the body's immune defences and personalised biomarkers could lead to more effective, safer, and tailored cancer treatments.
This work relates to the development of advanced cancer therapeutics, biomimetic delivery systems, and biomarker-guided diagnostics. Prospective users include pharmaceutical developers, clinical oncologists, and biotechnology firms designing targeted drug delivery systems. Because the findings reflect broad research rather than a validated product, the technologies discussed represent early-stage to translational research, requiring further formulation optimisation and multi-modal integration before routine clinical use.
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Cancer treatment has been revolutionized by immunotherapy and nanomedicine, offering innovative strategies to overcome the tumor microenvironment (TME) complexities. However, challenges such as therapeutic resistance, off-target effects, and immune suppression necessitate advanced delivery systems and combination approaches. Recent advancements in nanoparticle-based therapies, biomimetic platforms, and personalized immunotherapy provide promising solutions to enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity. This review explores recent nanoparticle-mediated immunotherapy developments, highlighting strategies to optimize drug delivery, remodel the TME, and improve patient-specific treatment outcomes. A comprehensive review of recent literature focused on nanoparticle-based drug delivery, stimuli-responsive systems, biomimetic nanoplatforms, and personalized immunotherapy approaches. The effectiveness of combination therapies integrating physical and immunological strategies was also analyzed. Nanoparticle-mediated immunotherapy enables precise targeting and controlled drug release, significantly improving therapeutic outcomes. Biomimetic nanoplatforms enhance immune modulation and drug bioavailability, while personalized immunotherapy, guided by predictive biomarkers, tailors treatment to individual patients. Advanced nanomedicine strategies, including TME remodeling, targeted genome editing, and combination immunotherapies, offer promising avenues for overcoming limitations in conventional cancer treatments. Future research should optimize nanoformulations, integrate multi-modal treatment strategies, and refine biomarker-driven personalization to enhance clinical outcomes.
This page summarises published work. The authoritative version sits with the publisher.
DOI: 10.1186/s12943-025-02357-z
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