Potential hepatoprotective role of Amphora coffeaeformis algae against diazinon-induced hepatotoxicity in adult Sprague–Dawley rats

Abstract

Abstract Background Diazinon (DZN) is one of the most widely used organophosphorus compounds in agriculture and veterinary medicine due to its significant economic and practical benefits. However, DZN induces oxidative stress in various organs, leading to toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of Amphora coffeaeformis ( A. coffeaeformis ) algae against DZN-induced hepatotoxicity in male Sprague–Dawley rats and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods Thirty-six rats were randomly allocated into six equal groups ( n = 6 per group) and treated for 8 weeks. The control group received oral gavage of corn oil. The second and third groups (A3% and A5%) were fed diets supplemented with 3% and 5% A. coffeaeformis algae, respectively. The fourth group (DZN) received oral DZN (20 mg/kg body weight). The fifth and sixth groups (DZN + A3% and DZN + A5%) were supplemented with 3% or 5% A. coffeaeformis in their diet while concurrently receiving oral DZN (20 mg/kg body weight). The hepatoprotective effects were assessed through serum liver and kidney function biomarkers, hepatic oxidative stress markers, and histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of liver tissue. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. Results DZN exposure resulted in significantly increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, as well as elevated creatinine, urea, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations. Furthermore, the activities of hepatic catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly reduced. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a significant increase in TNF-α and caspase-3 immunoreactivity in hepatic tissues. Histopathological examination showed structural alterations in the liver. In contrast, A. coffeaeformis supplementation effectively attenuated these toxic effects, as demonstrated by a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activities, a decline in MDA, creatinine, and urea levels, restoration of hepatic architecture, and downregulation of TNF-α and caspase-3 expression. Conclusion The findings demonstrate that A. coffeaeformis algae exerts protective effects against DZN-induced hepatotoxicity, mediated by its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. These results suggest its potential as a therapeutic intervention for mitigating organophosphorus compound-induced oxidative damage.