Phytoremediation of an integrated poultry and aquaculture wastewater using sub-surface constructed wetland planted with <i>Phragmites karka</i> and <i>Typha latifolia</i>

Abstract

. The macrophytes showed similar removal efficiencies for all tested parameters, and there was no significant difference in the initial concentrations of the parameters based on the experimental season, except for microbial properties. This suggests that weather conditions did not significantly impact the concentration of physical and chemical properties in the wastewater. Consequently, this study successfully demonstrates the potential of using a VSFCW for effective treatment of PAW.