article · Infrastructures
Engineered geopolymer composites offer high mechanical and durability performance, but conventional binders like ground granulated blast furnace slag and silica fume can be scarce and costly. To address this, pozzolanic waste materials rich in aluminium and silicon, specifically rice husk ash, granite waste powder, and volcanic pumice powder, were evaluated as partial replacements for slag at levels between 10% and 50%. Testing assessed workability, strength, heat resistance up to 600 degrees Celsius, water absorption, and microstructure. High replacement levels of rice husk ash and granite waste reduced workability, whereas volcanic pumice increased workability by up to 38.5%. Optimal performance across compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths, along with thermal resistance, was achieved at 30% rice husk ash, 20% granite waste powder, or 10% volcanic pumice powder. Volcanic pumice also uniquely reduced composite porosity and water absorption.
Traditional concrete components and standard geopolymer precursors face supply shortages, rising costs, and environmental concerns. Finding effective ways to incorporate widely available industrial and agricultural wastes, such as rice husk ash, granite powder, and volcanic pumice, provides construction sectors with cheaper, more sustainable building composites that maintain durability and high structural performance even under severe heat exposure.
This work enables the formulation of lower-cost, eco-friendly engineered geopolymer composites for construction material manufacturers and structural engineers. The findings demonstrate specific viable substitution rates for industrial by-products in lab settings. Because testing focused on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties at laboratory scale, the technology represents early-stage to applied material research that requires scaling and field testing before commercial deployment.
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Engineered geopolymer composite (EGC) is a high-performance material with enhanced mechanical and durability capabilities. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and silica fume (SF) are common binder materials in producing EGC. However, due to the scarcity and high cost of these materials in some countries, sustainable alternatives are needed. This research focused on producing eco-friendly EGC made of cheaper and more common pozzolanic waste materials that are rich in aluminum and silicon. Rice husk ash (RHA), granite waste powder (GWP), and volcanic pumice powder (VPP) were used as partial substitutions (10–50%) of GGBFS in EGC. The effects of these wastes on workability, unit weight, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, water absorption, and porosity of EGC were examined. The residual compressive strength of the proposed EGC mixtures at high elevated temperatures (200, 400, and 600 °C) was also evaluated. Additionally, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to analyze the EGC microstructure characteristics. The experimental results demonstrated that replacing GGBFS with RHA and GWP at high replacement ratios decreased EGC workability by up to 23.1% and 30.8%, respectively, while 50% VPP improved EGC workability by up to 38.5%. EGC mixtures made with 30% RHA, 20% GWP, or 10% VPP showed the optimal results in which they exhibited the highest compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths, as well as the highest residual compressive strength when exposed to high elevated temperatures. The water absorption and porosity increased by up to 106.1% and 75.1%, respectively, when using RHA; increased by up to 23.2% and 18.6%, respectively, when using GWP; and decreased by up to 24.7% and 22.6%, respectively, when using VPP in EGC.
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DOI: 10.3390/infrastructures9110191
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