Photovoltaic system performance in Sub-Saharan Africa under environmental, technical and policy constraints

Abstract

Photovoltaic systems in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) face efficiency losses from three key factors: high operating temperatures, dust accumulation, and inconsistent policies. Field data confirm crystalline silicon modules lose substantial efficiency (15–20% range) at elevated temperatures, while dust reduces output by approximately half in worst-case scenarios. Passive cooling methods demonstrate measurable performance recovery, with active systems achieving greater improvements at higher resource costs. Recent observations reveal maintenance challenges, particularly in tropical zones where protective coatings degrade faster than manufacturer estimates. The analysis identifies recurring barriers, including fragmented financing and mismatched cleaning schedules relative to dust exposure. Hybrid cooling configurations combining passive and limited active components show promise for balancing cost and performance. Three actionable priorities emerge: (1) adapted component specifications for high-temperature operation, (2) revised maintenance protocols for regional dust conditions, and (3) standardized certification for tropical-grade PV systems. Implementation roadmaps account for climate variations across arid, tropical, and coastal zones. The review provides both technical benchmarks and policy frameworks to address performance gaps specific to SSA conditions.