article · International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Tuberculosis remains a major global cause of mortality, responsible for approximately 1.3 million deaths in 2022. Around a quarter of the global population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with up to a tenth progressing to active disease. Meeting the targets set by the World Health Organization to dramatically reduce tuberculosis incidence and deaths by 2035 is challenged further by the rise of multidrug-resistant strains. However, increased funding and technological progress have strengthened vaccine development, resulting in more than 17 candidates entering clinical trials. Favourable phase I and phase II findings alongside progression into phase III testing highlight the need for parallel vaccine preparedness. This readiness ensures that successful trials can rapidly shift into phase IV assessment, health policy, and standard practice, supported by a human rights framework that promotes universal access to emerging vaccines.
Tuberculosis continues to claim over a million lives annually, and drug-resistant strains complicate current treatment options. Tracking the clinical pipeline of new vaccines is critical to meeting international targets for ending the epidemic. Ensuring healthcare systems prepare early for vaccine delivery will help future preventative tools reach affected populations quickly and fairly.
The pipeline includes over 17 candidate vaccines in active development, spanning phase I through to phase III clinical trials. These preventative biological products are aimed at global health programmes and populations at risk of infection. Successful candidates require parallel phase IV implementation planning and policy adoption to transition from late-stage clinical evaluation into actual clinical and public health deployment.
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Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death worldwide and is estimated to have caused 1.3 million deaths worldwide in 2022. Approximately one quarter of the world's population are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, of whom up to 10% will progress to developing active TB disease. Achieving the World Health Organization End TB Strategy targets of a 95% reduction in TB mortality and a 90% reduction in TB incidence worldwide by 2035 remains a daunting task. The continuing spread of multidrug-resistant TB adds another obstacle to achieving global TB control. Larger funding pledges coupled with technological advances have recently enabled the enhancement of TB vaccine development efforts. These are yielding a pipeline of over 17 products currently in different stages of clinical trials. Emerging promising phase I and II trial results and advancement to phase III trials have necessitated "vaccine preparedness" in parallel so that a smooth transition from any positive clinical trial result to phase IV evaluation and implementation into policy and practice can follow. Promotion of a human rights-based approach, which recognizes and upholds the fundamental rights of all affected by the disease, is essential to ensure universal access to quality TB vaccines, regardless of their background or personal circumstances.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.106987
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