Performance enhancement of wood composites using cellulose-reinforced cornstarch–tannin adhesives derived from electrical-assisted extraction

Abstract

≈ 303 °C), indicating superior structural integrity. Incorporation of these celluloses into CM adhesives increased viscosity, solid content, and shear strength, with optimal performance at 6 wt% cellulose loading. Particleboards bonded with HAC-CM adhesives showed the highest mechanical properties (IB = 0.79 MPa, MOR = 32.27 MPa, MOE = 3125 MPa), exceeding EN 312 (P4) standard requirements. Water absorption and thickness swelling were markedly reduced, confirming enhanced moisture resistance. Overall, HVED-assisted extraction produced cellulose with superior reinforcing capability, demonstrating a sustainable and high-performance pathway for developing formaldehyde-free wood adhesives from agricultural residues.