Pathophysiology and Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease in Under-Resourced Settings

Abstract

A chronic neurodegenerative disease, Parkinson's disease which manifests in a wide range of motor and non-motor symptoms. It can last anywhere from three to four decades, and its management is basically palliative. Age, family history, exposure to pesticides, and environmental pollutants (such as synthetic heroin use) are risk factors for Parkinson's disease. The reason or causes of it remain unknown at this time. Deep brain stimulation, the Apo morphine pump, and levodopa gel intestine infusion are examples of device-assisted therapies that have greatly enhanced the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease. Non-motor symptoms, which are of great concern to both patients and their carers, might occur ten or two years before a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. These symptoms include neuropsychiatric, gastrointestinal, urogenital, and sleep-related issues.