Oxidative ligninolytic enzymes and their role in textile dye biodegradation: a comprehensive review

Abstract

ABSTRACT Dye degradation mediated by oxidoreductive enzymes has been well explored in textile wastewater treatment. Ligninolytic enzymes (LEs) play key roles in the biodegradation of textile dyes. This paper aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the potentiality of LEs in textile dye biodegradation. The sources, biodegradation mechanisms, and dye removal efficiencies of LEs were discussed. Moreover, factors affecting dye biodegradation efficiency, and applications and limitations of LEs were highlighted. LEs are extracellular protein complexes that have a synergetic effect on dye biodegradation and can remove up to 99% of the dye using one or more LEs over wide pH and temperature ranges. Laccase is a highly explored and examined enzyme compared to lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) for dye biodegradation. Although extensive research has been conducted on fungal laccases, it is worth noting that bacterial laccases exhibit unique properties, such as stability at elevated temperatures and alkaline pH, which are not typically observed in fungal laccases, making them an ideal candidate for the treatment of textile wastewater. Further research on the optimization of experimental conditions is required to improve the dye biodegradation efficiency of these enzymes. It is also crucial for improving biodegradation capabilities using recombinant DNA technology.