Ovary Metal Toxicity Remediation by Agro-Food Waste: Evidence for a Regulatory Mechanism of Oxidative Stress by Banana (Musa cavendish) Peel Extract

Abstract

) peel, usually discarded as waste, is a polyphenol-rich source with antioxidant and chelating properties. This study evaluated its ability to mitigate ovarian toxicity induced by a heavy metal mixture (HMM) consisting of Hg, Mn, Pb, and Al in female rats. Animals received the HMM with or without banana peel extract at 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg dosages for 60 days. Co-treatment dose-dependently reduced ovarian metal accumulation, attenuated oxidative and nitrosative stress (MDA, NO), restored antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx), and modulated pro-inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α), apoptotic (Caspase-3), and transcriptional factors (NF-κB, Nrf2). The gonadal endocrine profile also improved gonadotropins (FSH, LH), prolactin (PRL), and progesterone (P), which were normalized at the medium dose (400 mg/kg), and demonstrated a clear dose-related effect. Histological examination further revealed that this dose most effectively improved ovarian tissue. GC-MS analysis identified bioactive compounds including resveratrol, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanidins, supporting both antioxidant and chelating actions. These findings demonstrate that banana peel extract exerts a dual, dose-dependent protective role in the gonad, limiting metal burden while enhancing redox defenses, and highlight its translational potential as a sustainable agro-food waste product in reproductive toxicology.