Oriented methylene blue extraction using a non‐fluorinated <scp>PVA</scp> –cholic acid membrane coupled with activated carbon

Abstract

Abstract BACKGROUND The removal of synthetic dyes such as methylene blue (MB) from wastewater remains a major environmental challenge. While extraction efficiency is critical, the sustainability of membrane materials is equally important. To address these issues, polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) combined with adsorption materials offer a promising strategy for enhanced pollutant removal and the transition toward safer, non‐fluorinated membranes. RESULTS A poly(vinyl alcohol)‐based membrane functionalized with cholic acid (PVA–CA) was developed as a sustainable alternative to conventional fluorinated membranes. PVDF–Tw20, containing polysorbate 20, was prepared solely as a reference. The PVA–CA membrane efficiently extracted methylene blue (MB), confirming its high performance, safety, and eco‐friendly features. Combined with activated carbon, the system enabled controlled transport, efficient MB extraction, and stable dye storage, achieving over 90% extraction within 15 h under mild conditions, highlighting the feasibility of replacing PVDF with an eco‐friendly membrane. CONCLUSION PVA–CA membranes provide a safe, efficient, and sustainable alternative to fluorinated membranes. When integrated with activated carbon, they support effective MB recovery and stable dye storage, minimizing environmental impact, and demonstrating their potential for sustainable wastewater treatment. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).