Opto-Electrical Modeling of a New Semi-Transparent Perovskite Solar Cell for Potential Smart Agrivoltaic Applications

Abstract

Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs) are emerging as promising candidates for applications that require simultaneous energy generation and partial light transmission, such as agrivoltaic systems. This study investigated the optical and electrical performance of a lead free ST-PSC incorporating an <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\text{MoO}_{3} / \text{Ti}_{3} \mathrm{C}_{2} / \text{MoO}_{3}$</tex> oxide-metal-oxide (OMO) electrode stack. The OMO structure was first structurally optimized to enhance light management and carrier collection. We then integrated the optimized OMO stack into the ST-PSC architecture and analyzed the influence of perovskite absorber thickness on device performance. By varying the perovskite thickness from 100 nm to 500 nm, we quantified the trade-off between light transmission and photovoltaic efficiency, identifying configuration that maximize both parameters. The optimized device with a 100 nm-thick perovskite layer exhibited a PCE of 9.08% and an AVT of 29.37%, indicating its suitability for agrivoltaic applications. Furthermore, the study highlights the potential of integrating two-dimensional (2D) materials within the OMO stack to further improve electrode transparency and conductivity. Overall, this work provides a comprehensive methodology for designing high-performance ST-PSCs, offering insights into absorber layer engineering, electrode optimization, and the development of multifunctional solar devices capable of sustainable integration into energy-agriculture systems.