Optimizing diagnostic procurement and waste management in low- and middle-income countries during emerging infectious disease threats: a scoping review

Abstract

Introduction Timely access to diagnostics is vital for detecting and controlling emerging infectious diseases. However, the procurement, utilization, and waste management of diagnostic devices in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains a significant challenge. This scoping review study sought to assess the challenges and solutions associated with diagnostic procurement and waste disposal in LMICs. Method A scoping review was conducted using PubMed, DOAJ, and Web of Science, covering literature published between January 2015 and August 2025, to assess the challenges and solutions related to diagnostic procurement and waste disposal. Result Of the 275 articles identified through the literature search, 49 peer-reviewed articles and official reports published were used. Key themes identified include fragmented funding, limited local manufacturing, weak regulatory systems, inadequate maintenance, and unsafe disposal practices that increase environmental and public health risks. Stakeholder engagement, stronger regulatory frameworks, pooled procurement, adoption of waste minimization strategies, and investment in local capacity are critical approaches to improving sustainability. Conclusion Our findings emphasize that integrating procurement reforms with effective waste-management policies is essential for developing resilient diagnostic systems in LMICs. Addressing these issues will not only enhance pandemic preparedness but also support sustainable health systems aligned with global health security objectives.