Ophthalmological Complications in Beta Thalassemia Major Patients: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Background: A mutation in the β globin chain gene causes beta thalassemia major, an inherited blood condition. Patients with β-thalassemia are increasingly experiencing ocular problems, which negatively impact their health-related quality of life. Ocular abnormalities have been the subject of several research, most of which have concentrated on the posterior ocular segment; however, little is known about the anterior segment components. Ocular complications might develop due to numerous mechanisms, as microvascular disruption, longstanding anemia, iron accumulation and the toxicities of the iron chelators, as well as the abnormal growth of the orbit due to unusual craniofacial growth. Aim: This review aimed to highlight the acquired knowledge regarding ocular impairment in beta-thalassemia major patients. Conclusion: Complications such as retinopathy, crystalline lens opacification, color vision deficiency, nyctalopia, depressed visual field, reduced visual acuity, have all been reported in β-thalassemia patients undergoing chelation therapy. It is crucial to do routine ophthalmological assessment to early detect and prevent permanent damage.