One Health Approach: Integrating Human, Animal, and Environmental Health for Infectious Disease Control

Abstract

Background: Infectious diseases continue to pose significant public health threats globally, with numerous outbreaks such as COVID-19, Ebola, and Zika resulting in high morbidity and mortality. These outbreaks underscore the limitations of conventional, fragmented health systems that inadequately address the interconnections between human, animal, and environmental health. The One Health approach has emerged as a comprehensive strategy that recognizes and addresses these interdependencies. Aims: This review aims to evaluate the One Health approach as a framework for the prevention, control, and management of infectious diseases. It seeks to highlight its relevance to zoonotic and emerging diseases and to provide insights into effective implementation strategies and future directions. Study Design: A comprehensive narrative review of the One Health model, exploring its guiding principles, practical applications, and benefits in the context of infectious disease control. Methodology: Literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Dimensions on February 10, 2025 and grey literature search was carried out to identify policy documents. Peer-reviewed articles, policy documents, and reports published between 2000 and 2025 were included. Relevant information was synthesized to explore the concept, applications, challenges, and benefits of the One Health approach. Results: Findings indicate that the One Health approach facilitates integrated and coordinated responses to infectious disease threats by promoting collaboration among human health professionals, veterinarians, environmental scientists, and policymakers. Its implementation enhances disease surveillance, promotes early detection, optimizes resource use, and strengthens outbreak preparedness and response. However, challenges such as lack of cross-sectoral coordination, limited funding, and institutional barriers hinder its widespread adoption. Conclusion: The One Health approach is a vital strategy for combating infectious diseases, particularly zoonotic and emerging diseases. Its holistic and collaborative nature supports more effective disease control and prevention. For optimal impact, stronger policy frameworks, capacity-building initiatives, and sustained multisectoral collaboration are essential to fully integrate One Health principles into public health systems.