article · Journal of Energy Research and Reviews
This research evaluates the design parameters of lead-based perovskite solar cells using the SCAPS-1D simulation software. The modeled device incorporates a methylammonium lead triiodide absorber, titanium dioxide as an electron transport layer, copper oxide as a hole transport layer, and platinum as a back metal contact to help minimize lead toxicity. By testing various physical parameters, the investigation identified that an absorber layer thickness of 1.0 yields a maximum power conversion efficiency of 28.46 percent, after which performance declines. Furthermore, lower interface defect densities produced superior device performance. Altering material bandgaps demonstrated that efficiency rises with an increased bandgap in the absorber and hole transport layers, while it decreases when the electron transport layer bandgap expands. The modeled device operated optimally within a temperature range of 280 K to 340 K.
Perovskite solar cells offer a promising route to high-efficiency solar energy, but issues such as material stability, toxicity, and energy loss remain challenges. By simulating device parameters before physical fabrication, researchers can identify optimal material thicknesses and operating conditions, helping to design more stable and efficient renewable energy devices at lower experimental cost.
This work provides theoretical design insights for photovoltaic researchers and solar cell developers seeking to optimise material combinations and layer thicknesses. Because the findings are based entirely on one-dimensional numerical simulations rather than physical prototypes, the technology is at an early research stage and requires experimental validation before real-world commercial application.
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The numerical analysis was performed on lead-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to enhance the cell’s performance, minimize toxicity, and improve cell stability. The solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) was used to investigate the effect of the thickness, bandgap, temperature, and interface defect density of the PSC. The SCAPS-1D consists of several layers; during the simulation, the Cu2O was used as the hole transport layer (HTL), the TiO2 was utilized as the electron transport layer (ETL), and the methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) was used as the absorber layer. A fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) was deployed to perform the function of a front contact and transparent conductive oxide. The platinium serves as the back metal contact and a means to minimize toxicity in the lead. The variation in the thickness of the absorber layer recorded the highest PCE of 28.46% as the thickness increases to 1.0 but decrease at further increases in thickness. The device performance at lower interface defect density was higher and decreased as the defect density increased. The behaviour of the bandgap was also examined in the (ETL) and the results show a decrease in the PCE with increasing bandgap but on the contrary that of (HTL) increase in the PCE with increase in the bandgap. The PCE in the absorber layer also increases as the bandgap increases. The device's best operation temperature was between 280k and 340k.
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DOI: 10.9734/jenrr/2025/v17i1392
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