Non-typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> prevalence and risk factors among<i> </i>outpatients at public health facilities in Gondar City, northwest Ethiopia

Abstract

Non-typhoidal Salmonella is a major cause of foodborne illness, particularly in developing countries where poor hygiene and consumption of unsafe food or water are common, yet data on its prevalence and associated risk factors are limited in the study area. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and related risk factors of non-typhoid Salmonella among diarrheal patients attending health institutions in Gondar City. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2024 to August 2025, involving 432 patients with diarrhea who visited selected public health facilities. Stool samples were tested using standard microbiological and biochemical methods, and data on potential risk factors were collected through a structured questionnaire. Non-typhoid Salmonella was detected in 12 patients (2.8%). Significant predictors of infection included consuming raw vegetables and fruits [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=4.00; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.41-16.15], leaving food unrefrigerated for more than 2 hours (AOR=4.00; 95% CI: 1.31-18.46), contact with livestock (AOR=7.00; 95% CI: 1.91-26.90), and limited access to proper toilet facilities (AOR=11.00; 95% CI: 3.55-38.29). On the other hand, access to clean water was associated with a significantly lower risk of infection (AOR=0.12; 95% CI: 0.04-0.39). Although the prevalence was lower than global averages, the presence of multiple risk factors suggests ongoing transmission, indicating the need for improved hygiene, better food safety practices, and regular monitoring of non-typhoid Salmonella in the area.