New insights into phytochemical composition and bioactive properties of <i>Mentha aquatica</i> aerial and root extracts: <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in silico</i> approaches

Abstract

This research was conducted to analyze the phytochemical constituents, nutritional quality, mineral content, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antihemolytic activities of Mentha aquatica aerial and root extracts. Total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (TFC), soluble carbohydrates, and protein contents were quantified, while the phenolic profile was determined using HPLC-DAD. Antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS, total antioxidant capacity, and reducing power) and antimicrobial potential (MIC/MBC/MFC) were assessed through in vitro assays and in silico predictions. Physicochemical parameters (moisture content, ash content, and mineral composition), as well as in vitro antihemolytic potential, were also evaluated. Thirteen phenolic compounds were identified, including ferulic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol. The aerial parts exhibited the greatest TPC (75 ± 0.11 mg GAE/g DW) and TFC (55 ± 0.00 mg QE/g DW) values, resulting in antioxidant activity. Additionally, the aerial parts exhibited good nutritional properties, including soluble protein (19.8 ± 0.43 mg BSAE/g DW) and carbohydrate content (33 ± 0.28 mg/g DW). In silico analysis suggests that rutin contributes to antioxidant activity, while kaempferol and quercetin are associated with antimicrobial effects. The data suggest a promising avenue for M. aquatica as a valuable nutritional, bioactive, and antimicrobial agent intended for food applications as an alternative to synthetic additives.