Neurogenesis and the Epigenetic Landscape: Role of Histone Modifications and Chromatin Remodeling

Abstract

AIMS: The purpose of this review is to examine how epigenetic regulation particularly chromatin modification and histone methylation controls gene expression during embryonic neurogenesis. It aims to highlight the role of these mechanisms in neural stem cell (NSC) fate specification and their implications in neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders. METHODS: Through reviewing recent research findings, this study synthesizes current literature on epigenetic mechanisms involved in embryonic brain development, with a focus on histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and chromatin compartmentalization. The review also evaluates existing in vivo research while noting the technical challenges of tracking adult neurons and isolating NSCs. FINDINGS: The review identifies that epigenetic mechanisms, including histone methylation (notably H3K9 as a repressive mark), histone deacetylases, and chromatin remodeling complexes, play essential roles in regulating gene expression required for neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. Alterations in these epigenetic processes significantly affect neural development and contribute to a range of neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the epigenetic regulation of neurogenesis particularly through chromatin modification and structural chromatin dynamics provides valuable insight into cell fate determination during embryonic brain development. These insights may guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies for neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders.