Navigating the landscape of microbial fuel cell bioelectrochemical technology: a review from current to potential applications

Abstract

Abstract The globe will continue to confront major issues with environmental sustainability and energy in the years to come. As a result, it is crucial to pursue sustainable development to protect the environment and make the most of renewable energy sources. One promising approach involves using natural microorganisms to generate energy from affordable substrates through Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs). These bioelectrochemical systems work by harnessing the ability of microbes to break down organic materials. This process releases electrons that travel through an external circuit, producing power. This review explores the basic principles and concepts behind MFCs, while also considering the key factors affecting their performance. The review provides a detailed analysis of MFCs, focusing on the characteristics and functions of exoelectrogens and the optimal conditions necessary for their efficient operation. It also discusses the working principles and mechanisms of MFCs, including recent advancements in the field. The primary focus of the review is on the potential and practical applications of this sustainable energy technology. It details various real‐world uses, including biosensors, electronic devices, desalination, and environmental bioremediation. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).