Navigating Renewable Energy Transition Challenges for a Sustainable Energy Future in Ghana

Abstract

The transition to a sustainable energy future in Ghana faces critical challenges, particularly in integrating renewable energy sources like solar and wind into the national grid. This study examined Ghana’s progress in renewable energy adoption using the International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA) Model for Energy Supply Strategies and Their General Environmental Impacts (MESSAGE) tool. It evaluates the feasibility of achieving the 10% renewable energy target set in national energy policies by 2030 and beyond, highlighting key challenges and their impact on the country’s energy transition efforts. The findings revealed a significant shortfall, with renewable energy penetration reaching only 4.77%, far below the targeted 10%. The actual installed capacity of renewable energy sources ranges from 150.87 MW to 377.18 MW, falling considerably short of the projected 219.75 MW to 645.71 MW from 2020 to 2050, respectively. Expanding Ghana’s renewable energy sector remains challenging, with fossil-based thermal generation continuing to dominate, raising concerns about emissions and sustainability. Overcoming barriers to renewable energy penetration requires targeted policies, investment in energy storage, smart grids, and financial incentives. Additionally, integrating renewables with low-carbon baseload options like Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) could accelerate Ghana’s energy transition. Achieving a sustainable energy future will depend on strong governmental commitment, private sector involvement, and technological innovation to bridge the gap between energy targets and actual capacity while significantly creating jobs.