Nanotechnology-Driven Approaches to Bioactive Compound Delivery: Mechanisms, Platforms, and Translational Potential

Abstract

Abstract Bioactive compounds derived from food sources possess substantial therapeutic and preventive potential, yet their clinical and nutritional efficacy is frequently constrained by poor aqueous solubility, chemical instability, and low oral bioavailability. Nanotechnology offers a transformative solution to these challenges through the development of nanoscale delivery systems that protect sensitive compounds, improve absorption, and enable controlled, site-specific release. This review examines a diverse array of nanocarriers, broadly categorized into organic, inorganic, and hybrid carriers emphasizing their structural characteristics and absorption-enhancing mechanisms such as transcellular transport, receptor-mediated uptake, and pH or enzyme-responsive release. Emerging innovations, including artificial intelligence (AI)-guided formulation, intelligent packaging, and biosensor-linked nutrition, are redefining the overall evolving field of precision dietary interventions. Particular attention is given to the compatibility of these carriers with a wide range of food-derived bioactives and their translational applications in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and theranostic platforms. Considerations of safety, scalability, and regulatory alignment are also addressed. Collectively, these advances position nanocarrier technologies as relevant tools for enhancing stability, efficacy, and targeted delivery of bioactives in next-generation nutritional and therapeutic strategies. Graphical Abstract Nano-enabled delivery of bioactives: This graphical abstract (as shown below) illustrates how nanocarrier systems improve the delivery of bioactive molecules from natural sources like fruits, vegetables, and herbs. It identifies key challenges such as poor water solubility, low systemic availability, and weak pharmacodynamic effects. Nanoparticles (NPs) like liposomes, polymeric carriers, and metallic conjugates help overcome these issues. The synthesis methods include green chemistry, physical, chemical, and hybrid approaches. These systems support applications in precision dietary interventions, nutraceuticals, functional foods, and theranostics.