review · Nanotechnology
Combining enzymes with nanotechnology produces nano-biocatalysts, which represent a promising class of biomaterials that are generally environmentally benign. Functional nanostructures possess distinct physicochemical and supramolecular properties that make them effective matrices for enzyme immobilisation. Using nanomaterials as carriers can significantly enhance enzyme stability, catalytic efficiency, kinetic characteristics, and resistance to diffusional constraints, while also upgrading operational performance in bioprocessing systems. Fabricating these hybrid systems involves diverse immobilisation strategies, multiple types of nanocarriers, and various mechanisms designed to regulate enzyme activity. Because of their enhanced performance and robust functional features, nano-biocatalysts offer versatile opportunities for practical implementation across critical industrial and environmental sectors, particularly in the production of food, pharmaceutical synthesis, biofuel generation, and bioremediation processes.
Industrial bioprocessing relies heavily on enzymes, but their vulnerability to unstable conditions can limit their practical efficiency. Nanotechnology offers robust matrices that stabilise enzymes without harming the environment. Understanding how to engineer these nano-biocatalysts enables cleaner, more resilient chemical processes, potentially transforming manufacturing across sustainable energy, medicine, and environmental cleanup.
The work outlines potential commercial applications across food processing, pharmaceutical development, biofuel production, and environmental bioremediation. Potential beneficiaries include industrial biotechnology developers and chemical process engineers looking to optimise enzyme kinetics and durability. As a broad review of immobilisation mechanisms, nanocarriers, and activity control, the presented concepts appear to be at an early stage of development, requiring targeted validation before specific industrial deployment.
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The synergy between enzymes and nanotechnology (nano-biocatalysts) has created some of the most promising biomaterials fabricated by synergistically incorporating advanced nano-biotechnology. The incorporation of enzymes into nanotechnology is of great significance for making nanomaterials that are rarely harmful to the environment. However, the unique/specific physicochemical characteristics and supramolecular nature ascribed to functional nanostructures (nanomaterials), have made them novel, interesting, and exceptional matrices for the creation of nano-biocatalysts. These have a lot of potential for improving the enzyme stability, function, efficiency, kinetic characteristics, vulnerability to diffusional constraints, and engineering performance in bioprocessing. Hence, the nano-biocatalysts developed contain exceptional properties with many potential applications in diverse fields. This review covers a wide range of the nanotechnology and enzyme technology involved in producing nano-biocatalysts, including different mechanisms, strategies in nanomaterial enzyme immobilization, and various nanocarriers, as well as recent developments in controlling enzyme activity. The vast range of potential applications of nano-biocatalysts in various fields, including food, pharmaceuticals, biofuels, and bioremediation, has been discussed.
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DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acda35
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