Nanomedicine Solutions for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Critical Review of Therapeutic Nanoparticle Strategies

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating disorder marked by progressive memory and cognitive function loss. Current treatments, including acetylcholinesterase and <i>N</i>-methyl-d-aspartate receptor inhibitors, offer symptomatic relief but lack disease-modifying effects. The recent approval of aducanumab, an antibody clearing amyloid beta plaques, brings hope, though its therapeutic benefits are controversial. AD's etiology is multifactorial, involving over 40 genetic variants, and remains poorly defined. Nanotechnology offers a promising avenue for optimized drug candidates, addressing challenges such as solubility, stability, and blood-brain barrier permeation. This review explores nanoformulations targeting key AD aspects, including amyloid beta, Tau protein, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Notably, multifunctional nanocarriers present a comprehensive approach, demonstrating the potential for effective AD therapy. Despite extensive research, only a small fraction of these studies progress to clinical trials. Continuous nanomedicine research is poised to play a vital role in future AD management, providing innovative solutions to this devastating disease.