Multi-criteria decision analysis of neutron activation platforms for sustainable nuclear analytical infrastructure

Abstract

Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) remains one of the most accurate and metrologically robust techniques for multi-elemental analysis. Its foundation on well-known nuclear constants, minimal matrix dependence, and non-destructive nature have positioned it as a reference method in geochemistry, environmental science, material characterization, and nuclear forensics. However, the technique relies almost exclusively on research nuclear reactors capable of delivering thermal neutron fluxes between 10 12 and 10 14 n·cm −2 ·s −1 . The global decline in research reactor availability, high operational costs, regulatory burdens, and unequal geographic distribution limit its accessibility, particularly in developing countries. Many laboratories depend on irradiation services through international cooperation programs, resulting in logistical and temporal delays. This review critically examines the scientific reliability of NAA, evaluates its infrastructural and economic constraints, and assesses the feasibility of alternative neutron sources, including Am Be isotopic sources, D–T neutron generators, accelerator-driven systems (ADS), and compact fusion-based sources. A quantitative comparison of achievable thermal neutron fluxes, activation yields, detection limits, and cost structures is presented. Competing analytical techniques such as ICP-MS, ICP-OES, XRF, and PGAA are also evaluated. The study concludes that while isotopic neutron sources cannot replace research reactors for high-sensitivity NAA, accelerator-based systems represent a promising compromise. A hybrid analytical infrastructure combining nuclear and plasma-based techniques is recommended for sustainable elemental analysis capabilities.