review · Journal of Infection and Public Health
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a double-stranded DNA virus from the Poxviridae family, with West African and Congo Basin clades. It causes a zoonotic, smallpox-like disease, which was declared a global health emergency in 2022 due to its worldwide outbreak. Transmission occurs from animal-to-human and human-to-human, with sexual transmission among men who have sex with men being notable in the 2022 outbreak. Common symptoms include fever, muscle and headache pain, swollen lymph nodes, and skin rashes. Diagnosis relies on laboratory tests such as conventional or real-time PCR. Antiviral drugs like tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir are used for symptomatic treatment, and existing smallpox vaccines enhance immunisation, though no MPXV-specific vaccine exists.
This research is important because it provides a comprehensive overview of Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a disease that became a global health emergency in 2022. Understanding its origin, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment is crucial for public health responses and developing effective control strategies against this re-emerging threat.
The abstract highlights the need for accurate diagnostic methods like PCR and RT-PCR, and mentions existing antiviral drugs for symptomatic treatment. It also notes the absence of an MPXV-specific vaccine. This suggests opportunities for developing improved, rapid diagnostic kits, researching novel antiviral therapies, and creating targeted MPXV vaccines. This is early-stage research identifying areas for future development rather than presenting a specific product.
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Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family of the genus Orthopoxvirus with two different clades known as West African and Congo Basin. Monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonosis that arises from the MPXV and causes a smallpox-like disease. The endemic disease status of MPX was updated to an outbreak worldwide in 2022. Thus, the condition was declared a global health emergency independent of travel issues, accounting for the primary reason for its prevalence outside Africa. In addition to identified transmission mediators through animal-to-human and human-to-human, especially sexual transmission among men who have sex with men came to prominence in the 2022 global outbreak. Although the severity and prevalence of the disease differ depending on age and gender, some symptoms are commonly observed. Clinical signs such as fever, muscle and headache pain, swollen lymph nodes, and skin rashes in defined body regions are standard and an indicator for the first step of diagnosis. By following the clinical signs, laboratory diagnostic tests like conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or real-time PCR (RT-PCR) are the most common and accurate diagnostic methods. Antiviral drugs such as tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir are used for symptomatic treatment. There is no MPXV-specific vaccine; however, currently available vaccines against smallpox enhance the immunization rate. This comprehensive review covers the MPX disease history and the current state of knowledge by assessing broad topics and views related to disease origin, transmission, epidemiology, severity, genome organization and evolution, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.02.003
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