Molecular Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in Infectious Diseases: Advances in Therapeutic Strategies and Public Health Interventions

Abstract

<ns3:p>Drug resistance in infectious diseases present a major global health concern, reducing treatment efficacy and increasing morbidity and mortality. Resistance arises from different molecular mechanisms including genetic mutations, enzymatic degradation of drugs, alterations in target sites, efflux pump overexpression, and reduced membrane permeability. These mechanisms contribute to the development of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant pathogens across bacterial, viral, and mycobacterial species. Scientist have developed therapeutic strategies to control these mechanisms of multidrug-resistant. These include the development of novel antimicrobials such as teixobactin and pretomanid, the application of β-lactamase inhibitors, rational drug combinations, host-directed therapies, and antimicrobial peptides. Advances in biotechnology have enabled precise-targeted approaches, including phage therapy, CRISPR-based antimicrobials, and nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery. Public health interventions are important in reducing the burden of AMR. These include global surveillance systems, antimicrobial stewardship programs, vaccination, infection control protocols, and regulatory policies governing antimicrobial use in humans and animals. Future directions emphasize the integration of precision medicine, artificial intelligence, environmental monitoring, and international governance to strengthen AMR control. A sustained and coordinated global response is essential to preserve the efficacy of current therapies and promote the development of new interventions.</ns3:p>