review · Pathology - Research and Practice
Renal cell carcinoma is the deadliest of all genitourinary cancers, and its prevalence continues to grow. Although surgical resection is effective and recurrence affects only a small proportion of patients, early diagnosis remains critical to improving survival. Pathway dysregulation driven by oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes plays a central role in the development and evolution of the disease. MicroRNAs, which possess distinct characteristics that suit cancer detection, show substantial potential as diagnostic and monitoring tools detectable in blood and urine. In addition, the expression patterns of specific microRNAs correlate directly with how tumours respond to chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted drugs such as sunitinib. This review collates evidence on how microRNAs act as non-invasive biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and indicators of treatment response.
Renal cell carcinoma is difficult to treat effectively once it advances, making early detection vital for patient survival. Identifying simple, non-invasive markers in blood or urine could enable clinicians to catch tumours sooner. Furthermore, understanding microRNA profiles could help doctors predict whether a patient will respond to specific drugs, avoiding ineffective therapies and directing patients towards the treatments most likely to succeed.
The findings support the development of non-invasive liquid biopsy tests using blood or urine for cancer detection, alongside companion diagnostic tools to predict patient response to therapies such as sunitinib. Prospective users include diagnostic developers, clinical laboratories, and oncology drug developers. Because the work is a review synthesising existing laboratory studies, these potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications remain at an early research and discovery stage.
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Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has the highest mortality rate of all genitourinary cancers, and its prevalence has grown over time. While RCC can be surgically treated and recurrence is only probable in a tiny proportion of patients, early diagnosis is crucial. Mutations in a large number of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes contribute to pathway dysregulation in RCC. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have considerable promise as biomarkers for detecting cancer due to their special combination of properties. Several miRNAs have been proposed as a diagnostic or monitoring tool for RCC based on their presence in the blood or urine. Moreover, the expression profile of particular miRNAs has been associated with the response to chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapeutic options like sunitinib. The goal of this review is to go over the development, spread, and evolution of RCC. Also, we emphasize the outcomes of studies that examined the use of miRNAs in RCC patients as biomarkers, therapeutic targets, or modulators of responsiveness to treatment modalities.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154439
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