MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer: Insights into Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer amongst women and a major contributor to cancer-related death globally. It accounts for a significant portion of new cancer cases annually, reflecting its widespread prevalence and public health impact. Advances in molecular classification have identified subtypes such as luminal A, luminal B, HER2-positive, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which have revolutionized personalized treatment approaches. Early detection methods, including advanced diagnostic imaging and molecular biomarker profiling, have further contributed to improved survival rates. However, challenges such as metastasis to distant organs and recurrence of the disease after initial treatment remain significant obstacles to achieving long-term remission. Numerous studies have spotlighted the critical role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in BC pathogenesis. Through regulating gene expression, miRNAs influence various processes such as tumor growth, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Their biogenesis and mechanisms of action, particularly their roles in suppressing translation and promoting mRNA degradation, highlight their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This growing understanding of miRNAs is paving the way for innovative and precise approaches to BC management.