Microplastic occurrence and fate in the South African environment: a review

Abstract

This review examines the occurrence and fate of microplastics (MPs) in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments in South Africa. MPs were found in Tshwane and Johannesburg in drinking water samples, with concentrations as high as 0.189 particles/L. Concentrations in freshwater bodies were greater, sometimes reaching 0.33–56 particles/L. MP levels in marine sediments were greater than many worldwide averages, particularly along the southeast coast (up to 45,867 particles/kg) and the MP levels in air were 1–5 particles/m3. These values are in line with figures around the globe which stand at 0.1–10 particles/L, and 0.3–10 particles/m3 for water, and air respectively. Low-density PE, PP, and PE-HD were the most prevalent polymers identified. Although there is little data, inappropriate disposal of waste is a major cause of soil contamination, which is a serious concern. The study highlights how important it is to conduct more research to close knowledge gaps, especially regarding MPs in groundwater and their impact on human health. The findings emphasise the necessity of improved wastewater treatment technologies, public awareness initiatives, and stronger laws governing single-use plastics. Standardizing MPs detection techniques, improving our knowledge of MPs fate and transport, and estimating the effects of MPs exposure to human health should be the main goals for future research. Effective cooperation between researchers, legislators, and industry is necessary for mitigation initiatives to be successful.