Microbiological contamination of household water and its effects on public health in Likoni sub county, Kenya

Abstract

Background: Access to safe drinking water is crucial for human health, yet many communities, face chronic shortages. Residents often rely on wells and boreholes that are prone to contamination due to poor hygiene, overcrowding, improper waste disposal, and environmental pollution. This has led to frequent outbreaks of waterborne diseases, notably diarrhea. This study assessed microbial contamination in water from boreholes and household storage containers and evaluated water handling practices in Likoni Sub-County. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional and case-control study was conducted among 54 households (29 case households and 25 controls). Water samples were collected at the point of source (POS) and point of use (POU) and analysed using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20.0. Results: Microbial contamination was detected in a substantial proportion of samples. Among case households, Escherichia coli was present in 58% of samples at POS and 60% at POU, compared to 33% and 5%, respectively, among control households. Overall, 35% of samples tested positive for E. coli. Mean total coliform counts were higher in case households than in controls. Conclusions: Household water in Likoni Sub-County is contaminated with faecal indicator bacteria, posing a public health risk. Interventions focusing on water treatment, safe storage, hygiene education, and improved sanitation infrastructure are recommended.