Methods for Measuring Sensitivity and Prevalence of Anti Microbial Resistance in Campylobacter Spp

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in thermophilic Campylobacter. Campylobacter has become the leading cause of infectious enteric zoonoses in developed and developing countries worldwide, with the aim of identifying key predictors to improve clinical outcomes and reduce food poisoning and infections, particularly in children, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)( good health and well-being). Theoretical framework: This theme presents the main concepts and theories underlying the research. The framework includes understanding the data on morphology, structure and percentages of each antibiotic, as well as means of phenotypic identification based on selective media for bacteria, the prevalence of resistance on a global scale and a clear message for public health that this is part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for reducing the rate of antimicrobial resistance. The methodology adopted: for this search consisted of a systematic review of the literature. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, Neliti and Research Gate using the keywords "antimicrobial resistance Campylobacter ssp". The search yielded 203 articles, which were reviewed according to the inclusion criteria: published between 1980 and 2024, original articles, accessible full text, in English or Spanish, Brazilian, Chinese and relevant to mechanisms and percentages over time. A more in-depth review based on exclusion criteria, such as discrepancies in search titles, inaccessibility of articles and duplication, resulted in the selection of nine targeted articles that dealt solely with the bacterium Campylobacter ssp. Results and discussion: Antibiotic resistance has emerged in Campylobacter, mainly due to the use of antibiotics in animals entering the food chain. Resistance to the antibiotics mainly used in the treatment of infections, macrolides and fluoroquinolones, has become a clinical problem, and interventions aimed at reducing this resistance are recommended. Resistance to fluoroquinolones and macrolides is due to chromosomal mutations. Resistance to other usable antibiotics, which is due to the acquisition of resistance genes, has not yet spread. However, the fact that resistance genes come from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species suggests the possibility of the emergence of acquired resistance in Campylobacter. Implications of the research: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, offering insight into how the results may be applied or influence practice in the field of public health and also for clinicians. These implications could include clinical practice guidelines, developing predictive tools and developing policies to reduce gastroenteritis infections, particularly in neonates and young children. Originality/value: this study provides information on a bacterium which has alerted public health through food poisoning, which increases resistance in silent mode and which affects a large age group between 0-14 years, which is more frequent and is linked to effective identification tools. Not forgetting the prevalence of the percentages of each antibiotic.