Metabolomics responses of Microcystis aeruginosa to UV-B radiation and TiO₂ nanoparticles in monoculture and co-culture with Lemna minor

Abstract

• UV-B and TiO₂ alter the metabolome of Microcystis aeruginosa . • GC × GC-TOFMS reveals pathway-specific responses to UV-B and TiO₂. • UV-B–TiO₂ exposure induces amino acid and lipid remodelling. • Co-culture with Lemna minor modulates metabolic stress responses. • Low UV-B stimulates the pentose phosphate pathway in coculture.