Mathematical analysis of thermal management in photovoltaic modules

Abstract

Thermal management is a key factor in optimizing the performance and longevity of photovoltaic (PV) systems. This work presents a two-dimensional thermal model based on fully explicit finite difference methods to simulate heat transfer across the layered structure of PV modules. The model incorporates conduction, convection, and radiation, along with realistic boundary conditions and material properties. Validation against experimental data under varying irradiance confirms its strong predictive capabilities. Multiple statistical indicators demonstrate high accuracy and consistency between modeled and observed temperatures. The results highlight critical thermal gradients and potential hotspots that affect PV efficiency. This modeling framework offers valuable insights for improving panel design and implementing efficient thermal control strategies. It also contributes to the theoretical understanding of heat transfer in PV systems, supporting future advancements in high-efficiency, climate-resilient solar technologies.