Masking Strategy Constructed Metal Coordination Hydrogels with Improved Mechanical Properties for Flexible Electronic Sensors

Abstract

Metal coordination hydrogels (MC-HGs) that introduce dynamically coordinate bonds together with metal ionic conduction have attracted considerable attention in flexible electronics. However, the traditional <i>soaking</i> method alleged to have technical scalability faces the challenge of forming MC-HGs with a "core-shell" structure, which undoubtedly reduces the whole mechanical properties and ionic stimulation responsiveness required for flexible electronics materials. Herein, a novel strategy referred to as "masking" has been proposed based on the theory of the valence bond and coordination chemistry. By regulating the masking agents and their concentrations as well as pairing mode with the metal ions, the whole mechanical properties of the resulting composites (MC-HGs_{<i>Masking</i>}) show nearly double the values of their traditional <i>soaking</i> samples (MC-HGs_{<i>Soaking</i>}). For example, the fracture stress and toughness of Fe-HGs_{<i>Masking</i>(SA, 5.0 g/L)} are 1.55 MPa and 2.14 MJ/m³, almost twice those of Fe-HGs_{<i>Soaking</i>} (0.83 MPa and 0.93 MJ/m³, respectively). Microstructure characterization combined with finite element analysis, molecular dynamics, and first-principles simulations demonstrates that the <i>masking</i> strategy first facilitating interfacial permeation of metal complexes and then effective coordination with functional ligands (carboxylates) of the hydrogels is the mechanism to strengthen the mechanical properties of composites MC-HGs_{<i>Masking</i>}, which has the potential to break through the limitations of current MC-HGs in flexible electronic sensor applications.