Male Infertility in Morocco: Epidemiology, Etiological and Genetic Factors, and Emerging Diagnostic Technologies

Abstract

Male infertility, implicated in nearly 50% of couples’ infertility cases, represents a major medical and sociocultural challenge in Morocco. This narrative review synthesizes available epidemiological, etiological, and genetic data within national and international contexts. In Morocco, male infertility is characterized by the frequent involvement of modifiable factors, notably varicocele, smoking, and occupational exposures. From a genetic standpoint, chromosomal abnormalities, particularly Klinefelter syndrome, together with Y chromosome microdeletions, especially within the AZFc region, represent the main identified etiologies. Emerging technologies, such as next-generation sequencing, offer promising diagnostic perspectives, although their clinical application remains limited and mainly confined to research. Despite advances in medically assisted reproduction, the management of male infertility in Morocco continues to face psychosocial and economic barriers, as well as inequalities in access to care. These findings underscore the need to establish national registries, conduct multicenter studies, and facilitate the translation of innovations (particularly multi-omics approaches) into clinical practice to improve male infertility management in the Moroccan context.