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Electrochemical energy storage devices require electrode materials that deliver high electrical conductivity, accessible surface area, chemical stability, and mechanical integrity simultaneously. Because single materials rarely satisfy every requirement, combining two-dimensional MXenes with covalent organic frameworks has emerged as a promising strategy. MXenes provide high conductivity and hydrophilic surfaces, while covalent organic frameworks offer ordered porosity and redox activity. The performance of these heterostructures relies heavily on the interface connecting the two components, which actively governs charge transfer, ion transport, and durability. This framework classifies these interfaces into covalent linkers and non-covalent interactions, examining how specific chemical bonds influence the trade-offs between electronic coupling and ion access. The review outlines synthesis strategies and characterisation methods to guide the deliberate design of next-generation energy storage electrodes.
Next-generation energy storage relies on electrodes that can move ions quickly while withstanding repeated cycling. Single materials often force trade-offs between conductivity and storage capacity. Understanding how molecular linkages between different nanomaterials dictate electrical performance and mechanical durability enables scientists to design more efficient, stable composite electrodes using systematic chemical principles rather than trial and error.
This research informs the design of advanced electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage applications, which could ultimately benefit battery and supercapacitor manufacturers. The abstract focuses on classification, interfacial design rules, and synthesis pathways rather than packaged device testing. Consequently, this technology remains at an early stage of materials research, far from immediate commercial implementation or industrial deployment.
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Electrochemical energy storage systems demand electrode materials that simultaneously combine high electrical conductivity, large ion-accessible surface area, chemical stability, and mechanical integrity, requirements that are rarely satisfied by single-component materials. Rationally engineered heterostructures have therefore emerged as an effective strategy to integrate complementary functionalities. Among them, MXenes, a class of two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal carbides and nitrides, provide metallic conductivity, hydrophilic surfaces, and abundant functional terminations, while covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer ordered porosity, tunable chemistry, and intrinsic redox activity. The integration of these materials into MXene/COF heterostructures has demonstrated significant performance improvements; however, achieving true synergy critically depends on the nature of the interface. Here, we establish a linker-centric framework, highlighting that the MXene/COF interface acts as an active regulator of charge-transfer kinetics, ion transport, and structural stability rather than a passive boundary. We systematically classify interfacial interactions into covalent linkers (imine, azine, β-ketoenamine, amide, and hydrazone) and non-covalent interactions (hydrogen bonding, electrostatic coupling, and π-π stacking), and evaluate how their bonding characteristics govern the trade-offs among electronic coupling, ion accessibility, and durability. Finally, synthesis strategies, characterization approaches, representative applications, and future directions are discussed to guide the rational design of next-generation MXene/COF energy storage systems.
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DOI: 10.1002/smll.75435
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