Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the soil around typical automobile repair workshops in Nigeria

Abstract

<ns3:p>Background This study determined the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soil around typical automobile repair workshops in Nigeria. Risk assessment associated with human contact with the soil was carried out using hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) from human unconscious ingestion and dermal contact with the soil. Methods Soil samples were obtained at different automobile workshops in Ado-Ekiti, Western Nigeria. The PAHS in the samples were extracted using dichloromethane and extracts were cleaned up using silica-alumina gel open column chromatography. Analysis of PAHs in the soil was done using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass selective detector operated on electron ionization mode. Results The results showed the mean PAHs concentration at the sampling locations ranged from 5.58 – 6.4 <ns3:italic>μg/g</ns3:italic> and the mean ∑ carcinogenic PAHs was 58.4 <ns3:italic>μg/g</ns3:italic>, equivalent to 59.39 % of total PAHs observed. The mean Toxicity equivalence (TEQs) ranged from 0.02 - 6.680 <ns3:italic>μg/g.</ns3:italic> Benzo (a) pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene have the highest toxicity equivalent. The total ILCRs from accidental ingestion and dermal contact in adults were <ns3:italic>1 ×10^(-3) and 9.8 ×10^(-5)</ns3:italic>, for adults and children respectively; both are higher than the permissible limit stipulated by the World Health Organization.The HQs obtained are several folds higher than 1. This implies high carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for children and adults. Conclusions The study revealed the levels of PAHs and also revealed the risks associated with human contact with the soil around automobile repair workshops.</ns3:p>