article · Journal of the World Aquaculture Society
This study evaluated the effects of incorporating dietary lemon peel and the probiotic bacterium Bacillus licheniformis into the feed of common carp. Fish received diets containing Bacillus licheniformis alone or combined with lemon peel at concentrations of 1.5 percent or 3 percent, alongside an unsupplemented control diet. All supplemented diets significantly improved weight gain, specific growth rate, white blood cell counts, and blood total protein, while reducing the feed conversion ratio. Combinations of lemon peel and the probiotic enhanced key immune and antioxidant markers, including serum superoxide dismutase, catalase, lysozyme, and bactericidal activities, while reducing malondialdehyde levels. When exposed to an Aeromonas hydrophila bacterial challenge, carp fed the supplemented diets showed significantly lower mortality rates than the control group. The findings indicate these dietary additives can improve growth and disease resistance in carp, though further field trials are needed.
Bacterial diseases such as Aeromonas hydrophila cause substantial mortality and economic damage in aquaculture. Using natural feed additives like citrus waste and probiotics provides a viable strategy to enhance fish immunity and growth performance. This approach supports sustainable aquaculture by strengthening natural disease resistance and reducing vulnerability to common bacterial pathogens without relying solely on conventional treatments.
The findings could benefit aquafeed manufacturers and fish farmers seeking functional feed additives to protect common carp against bacterial infections. Lemon peel and Bacillus licheniformis show promise as immune-boosting dietary ingredients. However, the technology is at an experimental stage, as the research indicates that further field-level validation is necessary before commercial deployment in farm operations.
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Abstract The role of dietary lemon peel (LM) and/or Bacillus licheniformis (BL) on the growth, immunity, and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp, Cyprinus carpio was investigated in this study. LM and BL were included in diets at 0% (T0), 10 8 CFU/g BL (T1), 1.5% LM and 10 8 CFU/g BL (T2), and 3% LM and 10 8 CFU/g BL (T3). Fish fed with T1, T2, or T3 had higher weight gain, specific growth rate, white blood cells count, and blood total protein with lower feed conversion ratio than T0 group ( p < .05). The albumin increased significantly ( p < .05) in fish fed both BL and LM (T3). The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, lysozyme, and bactericidal activities were significantly increased in fish fed both BL and LM (T2 and T3), while serum glutathione peroxidase increased in fish fed BL (T2) ( p < .05). Fish fed T1, T2, and T3 diets displayed higher SOD and lower malondialdehyde than fish fed T0 ( p < .05). After the A. hydrophila challenge, the mortality rate was significantly lower in T1, T2, and T3 groups than the T0 group ( p < .05). The obtained results revealed that LM and BL could be used to increase resistance against A. hydrophila infection in carp. However, further field studies should be performed to confirm the obtained results.
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DOI: 10.1111/jwas.12750
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