article · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
Miniaturised and flexible power supplies are essential for wearable, mobile, and implantable smart devices. A manufacturing method uses water-based ink containing two-dimensional birnessite-type manganese dioxide nanosheets to create flexible microsupercapacitors. The manganese dioxide ink is printed symmetrically in ten to twenty-five layers over ten preprinted layers of electrochemically exfoliated graphene on an interdigitated cell. Electrodes with ten printed layers of manganese dioxide deliver the best performance, reaching a specific capacitance of 0.44 millifarads per square centimetre, an energy density of 0.045 microwatt hours per square centimetre, and a power density of 0.0012 milliwatts per square centimetre. Linking four cells in series and parallel configurations enhances the operating voltage window and capacitance. This demonstrates that inkjet printing can create modular hybrid microsupercapacitor arrays suitable for compact energy storage.
Wearable and implantable electronics require compact, bendable power sources that can be manufactured efficiently without generating excess waste. High-resolution inkjet printing allows precise patterning of layered nanomaterials directly onto flexible substrates. This approach supports the development of customisable, microscale power supplies that can be connected in series or parallel to meet the energy demands of small smart devices.
This technology offers a route for electronics manufacturers seeking low-cost, scalable production of flexible power units for wearable, mobile, or implantable devices. Because inkjet printing is waste-free and supports rapid parallel or series array patterning, it is attractive for modular device design. The research is at an applied laboratory stage, demonstrating functional multi-cell prototype arrays, but requires industrial integration and operational testing before commercial adoption.
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The widespread adoption of wearable, movable, and implantable smart devices has sparked the evolution of flexible, miniaturized power supplies. High-resolution inkjet printing of flexible microsupercapacitor (μSC) electrodes is a fast, inexpensive, and waste-free alternative manufacturing technology. In this work, a 2D birnessite-type manganese dioxide (δ-MnO2) water-based ink is used to print 10–25 layers of δ-MnO2 symmetrically on a preprinted interdigitated cell consisting of 10 layers of electrochemically exfoliated graphene (EEG). The cell with 10 printed layers of δ-MnO2 achieved the highest specific capacitance, energy density, and power density of 0.44 mF cm–2, 0.045 μW h cm–2, and 0.0012 mW cm–2, respectively. Since inkjet-printing technology supports μSC manufacturing with parallel/series connectivity, four cells were used to study and improve the potential window and capacitance that can be used to construct μSC arrays as power banks. This work provides the first approach for designing an inkjet-printed interdigitated hybrid cell based on δ-MnO2@EEG that could be a versatile candidate for the large-scale production of flexible and printable electronic devices for energy storage.
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DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07339
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