Iron Overload-Induced Hepatotoxicity: An Overview

Abstract

Iron is an important vital micronutrient; nevertheless, iron excess may induce cellulartoxicity via mediating reactive oxygen species generation, ensuing in oxidative stress andharm to various organs, including the liver, kidney, heart, and others. Iron overload, alsocalled hemochromatosis, is the most severe manifestation of excessive iron accumulationthat can occur despite the body's regulatory processes and results in a systemic buildup ofiron in the body leading to many adverse effects. Several factors can contribute in includingconsuming significant amounts of additional iron, iron loading anaemias, frequent bloodtransfusions, and some genetic mutations. Liver is particularly at risk of the damagingconsequences of iron overload due to the fact it's the primary site for storing iron. However,when the liver's iron storage and anti-oxidant capacity is surpassed, iron overload canresult in oxidant-mediated hepatotoxicity. Iron is 'kept safe' in health by a regular balanceof iron absorption, transport, storage, and use. Further, efficient regulation of systemic ironhomeostasis, along with the effective antioxidant systems, is essential to prevent theharmful effects of excessive ROS generation and oxidative damage. Consequently, athorough understanding of iron metabolism, mechanisms of iron overload-induced toxicityconcomitantly with characterization the optimal methods of assessment and monitoring itsadverse effects is crucial for preventing iron-related disorders and for employing successfultreatment and control.