Inventory of the Anopheles fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Eastern Rif region of Morocco

Abstract

BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES: To enhance the characterization of Anophelinae diversity in the Eastern Rif region of Morocco, this study aimed to establish a comprehensive inventory, map geographic distribution, and assess the epidemiological significance of species as malaria vectors. METHODS: A four-year longitudinal study was conducted with monthly larval sampling across 21 habitats in the provinces of Al-Hoceima, Driouch, and Nador. Systematic fieldwork was followed by taxonomic analysis to update species records. RESULTS: Eight species were identified. Anopheles sergentii was dominant (34.3%), followed by An. cinereus (20.7%), An. multicolor (15%), An. dthali (13.7%), An. labranchiae (7.9%), An. claviger (5.2%), An. algeriensis (2.2%), and An. marteri (1%). Beyond the primary vector An. labranchiae, An. sergentii and An. dthali were classified as suspected potential vectors, and An. claviger as a secondary vector. An. cinereus, An. marteri, An. algeriensis, and An. multicolor had no detectable role in transmission. The study identified previously undocumented vector hotspots. INTERPRETATION CONCLUSION: This inventory significantly refines the understanding of Anophelinae biodiversity and associated malaria risk in northeastern Morocco. The identification of vector hotspots and confirmation of multiple potential vector species highlight priority areas for targeted surveillance and control.