review · Sensors
Healthcare 4.0 represents an emerging e-health framework aligned with Industry 4.0 concepts to deliver precision medicine tailored to individual patient characteristics. It underpins key remote healthcare capabilities, including telemedicine, telesurgery, and the early diagnosis and prediction of diseases, which are increasingly vital during global health crises. The expansion of these systems relies on modern technological drivers such as fifth-generation cellular connectivity, wearable device manufacturing, artificial intelligence, edge computing, and the Internet of Things. Examining the Internet of Medical Things landscape reveals essential system requirements under next-generation network standards. Alongside technological drivers, the framework outlines significant network design challenges and ongoing research directions necessary to realise reliable, distributed clinical and remote care architectures.
Modern healthcare faces mounting pressure to deliver timely, personalised care, especially during widespread pandemics. Connecting medical devices, artificial intelligence, and high-speed wireless networks allows medical specialists to monitor patients, diagnose conditions early, and perform remote procedures. Understanding the technical requirements and hurdles of these systems helps build resilient, responsive health infrastructure.
The overview highlights applications in telesurgery, wearable health monitors, disease prediction, and telemedicine platforms for healthcare providers and technology developers. Because the discussion centres on high-level network requirements, design challenges, and future research directions within fifth-generation connectivity, the insights reflect early-stage system research rather than an immediate, market-ready deployment.
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Healthcare 4.0 is a recent e-health paradigm associated with the concept of Industry 4.0. It provides approaches to achieving precision medicine that delivers healthcare services based on the patient's characteristics. Moreover, Healthcare 4.0 enables telemedicine, including telesurgery, early predictions, and diagnosis of diseases. This represents an important paradigm for modern societies, especially with the current situation of pandemics. The release of the fifth-generation cellular system (5G), the current advances in wearable device manufacturing, and the recent technologies, e.g., artificial intelligence (AI), edge computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT), are the main drivers of evolutions of Healthcare 4.0 systems. To this end, this work considers introducing recent advances, trends, and requirements of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) and Healthcare 4.0 systems. The ultimate requirements of such networks in the era of 5G and next-generation networks are discussed. Moreover, the design challenges and current research directions of these networks. The key enabling technologies of such systems, including AI and distributed edge computing, are discussed.
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DOI: 10.3390/s23177435
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