International expert perspectives on pharmacogenomics in pharmacy education: a qualitative study with implications for South Africa

Abstract

Introduction: Pharmacogenomics (PGx) has the potential to transform healthcare in South Africa through the delivery of precision medicine. However, the successful implementation of PGx services depends on a healthcare workforce equipped with appropriate PGx competencies. Given pharmacists' central role in medication management, they are key members of the PGx team and require targeted education to support PGx-guided clinical decision-making. Insights from international experts can inform the development of pharmacy curricula, strengthening pharmacists' capacity to facilitate PGx implementation within local healthcare systems. Method: A qualitative study design was used to explore international experts' perspectives on the inclusion of PGx in pharmacy education. Health professional experts in PGx across the globe, including pharmacists from community and hospital settings, medical doctors, researchers, and clinical pharmacologists, were purposively sampled to participate in semi-structured interviews. The interviews explored views on PGx practices, the role of higher-education institutions and professional societies, and recommendations for PGx education across undergraduate, postgraduate, and continuing professional development pathways. Result: Twenty experts representing 12 countries were interviewed. Three overarching themes were identified: (1) PGx competency for pharmacists, (2) approaches to PGx education, and (3) barriers to PGx education. Subthemes included the evolving professional role of pharmacists in PGx, the knowledge and skills required for competent practice, and the distinction between foundational and advanced levels of PGx proficiency. Additional sub-themes addressed core PGx curricular content, effective instructional and assessment strategies, the role of community and stakeholder engagement, considerations regarding the appropriate depth, and integration of PGx material within pharmacy curricula. Conclusion: Experts internationally emphasized that PGx should be established as a core competency for all pharmacists. Pharmacists with both foundational and applied PGx competencies are well-positioned to contribute meaningfully to the clinical integration and advancement of PGx services. A longitudinal, integrated educational approach delivered by academics and health professionals with PGx expertise was viewed as essential for preparing students to apply PGx principles effectively in real-world practice. For South Africa, coordinated collaboration among higher education institutions, healthcare organizations, and professional regulatory bodies will be critical to embedding PGx within pharmacy education and advancing national precision-medicine goals.