Integrating artificial intelligence into design and development of assistive technologies: user needs and preferences in Ghana

Abstract

Purpose This study explored the needs, preferences, and pathways for integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into assistive technologies (AT) among persons with disabilities (PWDs) in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach This study used a mixed-method approach to examine the needs and preferences of users for integrating AI Solutions into Existing Assistive Technology Innovations in Ghana. The study used a structured questionnaire and interview guide to collect data from 385 respondents with mobility, hearing, and visual impairments across three regions: Greater Accra, Ashanti, and Northern. Findings The findings revealed that affordability, ease of use, and customisation were the most significant determinants of AI-enabled AT adoption, while voice interaction emerged as the most preferred interface across disability types. Despite growing awareness, adoption remains hindered by infrastructural deficits, limited internet access, high device costs, and low digital literacy. The results highlight a growing demand for affordable, context-specific, and adaptive technologies that align with Ghana’s socio-economic realities. Research limitations/implications A key limitation of this study is its reliance on quantitative self-reported data, which may not fully capture the depth and complexity of user experiences with AI-powered assistive technologies. Respondents might have over- or under-reported their awareness, preferences, or access due to recall bias or social desirability tendencies, especially when discussing technology-related issues. Moreover, the study’s cross-sectional nature restricts its ability to assess changes in perceptions and usage patterns over time, particularly as digital literacy and AI exposure continue to evolve in Ghana. Although the inclusion of three regions – Greater Accra, Ashanti, and Northern – provides valuable socio-economic diversity, the findings may not fully represent persons with disabilities in more remote or under-resourced areas, where infrastructural challenges and socio-cultural barriers may differ significantly. Practical implications The study findings demonstrate the need for interdisciplinary research focusing on adaptive and multimodal interface design, recognising that disability groups have distinct usability requirements beyond universal design assumptions. The results also imply that there is a need to institutionalise participatory governance frameworks that actively involve PWDs in AI-AT design, regulation, and evaluation processes to ensure technologies align with real user needs. Social implications Improved affordability and usability of AI-AT can significantly enhance social inclusion, independence, and participation of PWDs in education, employment, and community life. Originality/value The study concludes that inclusive, user-centred AI innovation, supported by strong policy frameworks and investment in digital infrastructure, is crucial for achieving equitable access to assistive technologies and advancing disability inclusion in Ghana.