Institutional analysis of agroforestry in the Western Highlands of Cameroon: processes and outcomes

Abstract

This study investigates how formal and informal institutions shape agroforestry processes and outcomes in the Western Highlands region of Cameroon. Using a mixed qualitative approach involving expert interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions conducted in the Fokoue and Penka-Michel communities, the paper analyses the structure, processes, and effectiveness of formal (state-driven) and informal (community-based) institutions. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and thematic analysis. Results revealed a dualistic institutional system where formal institutions [comprising state agencies such as Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife (MINFOF), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MINADER), and Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Husbandry (MINEPIA)] operate through codified laws, while informal institutions function through traditional councils, norms, and cultural taboos. Informal institutions demonstrated higher compliance and visibility within communities, largely due to social pressure, mutual support, and reverence for tradition. Conversely, formal institutions were perceived as ineffective because of weak policy frameworks and limited community engagement. Institutional effectiveness produced mixed outcomes: positive ecological effects (biodiversity conservation, soil improvement) and sociocultural cohesion through community networks, but also negative outcomes such as conflicts and weak coordination. The study concludes that agroforestry success is constrained by fragmented institutional collaboration and recommends strengthening policy coherence, integrating traditional governance systems into state frameworks, and promoting inclusive stakeholder partnerships to enhance sustainable agroforestry adoption and outcomes.